Astyanax cordovae

Astyanax cordovae is a fish commonly 3–5 in (7.6–12.7 cm) long, sometimes described as the largest of the genus. It has a body roughly 1–1.7 in (2.5–4.3 cm) deep. The caudal peduncle – the joint where the tail fin attaches – is 1/3rd as deep as the body. There are 43-45 scales in the lateral line, which is a high number for the genus but not uncommon; other congeners with 43 or more scales in the lateral line include A. microlepis, A. maximus, and A. multidens. The general body color in life is silvery-gray with an unclear lateral stripe. There is a diffuse humeral spot that Günther noted was not always present in the original description; in the years since, having a humeral spot has become part of the identifying criteria. Upon preservation in alcohol, the body color becomes a reflective yellow and the lateral stripe becomes further diffuse. The humeral spot, while unclear, remains visible. Astyanax cordovae demonstrates sexual dimorphism. Mature males have small bony hooks on the fin-rays of the anal and pelvic fins, which is a common feature of the genus.

Astyanax cordovae has a restricted range, native only to the Primero River and Segundo River of Argentina. It considered the only fish endemic to the region. It can most frequently be found in the elevation range from sea level up to 600 meters. It is generally benthopelagic, which means that it spends most of its time close to the riverbed. The Primero River is a large river with a long history of flooding. The Segundo river runs through rocky terrain formed by volcanic activity, with a sediment load consisting of clays, silts, and fine sands. The Primero and Segundo rivers both flow into Mar Chiquita, the largest lake in Argentina. The riparian zone is largely woodland, with notable agricultural use.

Astyanax cordovae is an omnivore with a strong preference for invertebrates of various kinds. In the Primero river specifically, A. cordovae subsists largely on a diet of algae and arthropods, with seasonal variation in the origins of its prey (aquatic vs flying vs terrestrial); terrestrial arthropods make up most of its diet in the spring, taken over by aquatic larvae in the summer. Astyanax cordovae's range overlaps with several congeners, including A. eigenmannorum and A. asuncionensis. Its range also overlaps with Paslidodon hermosus, which was originally a member of Astyanax but was redesignated.

The specific epithet cordovae originates in the Argentine province from which the species was described, Córdoba. The generic name Astyanax has origins in the Iliad, a Greek epic poem in which Astyanax was a great warrior, but the source text did not provide a reason for this choice of name; one possibility is the large silver scales of type species A. argentatus, and their resemblance to polished armor. While it lacks a species-specific common name widely accepted by the scientific community, A. cordovae is one of multiple species referred to as a "mojarra" in Spanish. "Cordoba tetra" or "Cordoba astyanax" have been suggested based upon the type locality and range.